"In the early sixteenth century, the Turkmen "were concentrated in four main regions: along the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea, on the Mangyshlak Peninsula (on the northeastern Caspian coast), around the Balkan Mountains, and along the Uzboy River running across north-central Turkmenistan". Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996

"Many scholars regard the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries as the period of the reformulation of the Turkmen into the tribal groups that exist today. " Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996

"Beginning in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century, large tribal conglomerates and individual groups migrated east and southeast." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996

"Beginning in the sixteenth century, most of the Turkmen tribes were divided among two Uzbek principalities: the Khanate (or amirate) of Khiva (centered along the lower Amu Darya in Khorazm) and the Khanate of Bukhoro (Bukhara)." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996

"Uzbek khans and princes of both khanates customarily enlisted Turkmen military support in their intra- and inter-Khanate struggles and in campaigns against the Persians. Consequently, many Turkmen tribes migrated closer to the urban centers of the khanates, which came to depend heavily upon the Turkmen for their military forces." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996

(16th century) "The Yomut split into eastern and western groups, while the Teke moved into the Akhal region along the Kopetdag Mountains and gradually into the Murgap River basin. The Salor tribes migrated into the region near the Amu Darya delta in the oasis of Khorazm south of the Aral Sea, the middle course of the Amu Darya southeast of the Aral Sea, the Akhal oasis north of present-day Ashgabat and areas along the Kopetdag bordering Iran, and the Murgap River in present-day southeast Turkmenistan." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996

Ismail Safavi establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia. - (W. 3)

Ismail Safavi declares twelver form of Shiaism as the official state religion of Persia. Wagstaff Landscapes, Page 205.

The Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque seized Ormuz starting 150 years of Portuguese involvement in Oman.

Babur observed that Bihzad painted "extremely delicately" but did not paint beardless faces well  but that he did well with bearded faces.

May - June 1507 Babur also observed that Shaybanid Uzbek Wormwood Khan (Muhammad Shaybani Khan) after taking Herat behaved so badly that he took a pen and corrected the painting of Bihzad. About May - June 1507.Baburnama quatrain 181

Soudavar suggests that Badi'Uzman Mirza was at the court of Ismail Safavi in 1514 and then went to the court of Salim I where he died shortly afterwards. Soudavar, APC. Page 122 note 24.

Prince Drinking Wine. Herat Circa 1520

Babur seizes Kandahar.

Ottoman Sultan Sulaiman conquers the Island of Rhodes.

At Kanua Babur crushes the Rajputs by the use of cannon and matchlock combined with mounted archery charges. Rawlinson, INDIAN ART. Page 41.

Babur then dies and is succeeded by his son Humayun.

Two Safavid Princes or A self-portrait?

Plate 63: Portrait of a Prince

Youth and Old Age  Tabriz circa 1530

Margin illustrations from the "Golestan of Sa'di" attributed to a Persian Artist Aqa Mirak. Circa 1530

The Jewel-tree, circa 1530 from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama, Tabriz, c.1530

Ivan IV, "The Terrible" (r. 1533-1584). Paksoy, Crimean Tatars

1534 Hosayn Khan-e Shamlu attempted to overthrow Shah Tahmasp and put his brother Sam Mirza on the throne of Persia with the help and connivance of the Ottoman Turks. Soudavar, APC. Page 154.

Bihzad died 1536-37 Blair and Bloom Pp. 63.

Sher Khan Lodi takes the throne of Delhi and the name Sher Shah.

Prince Bahram  dies. Welch and Welch Islamic Book.. page 96

"Muscovite conquest of Kazan (1552)" Paksoy, Crimean Tatars

1555 Treaty of Amasiye makes peace between Ottoman and Safavids. Soudavar, APC. Page 164.

Pastoral Scene Shiraz circa 1550 - 1560

In 1555 Humayun recovered the throne of Delhi from Sher Khan Lodi.

A group of Uzbeks Khans stopped in Mashad on their way to Shah Tahmasp's court in Qazvin. There was apparently a good bit of travel and exchange.

Picture of an Uzbek Khan in Mashad Plate 64: The Officer's Portrait

Iskandar and Nushabeh. Shiraz Circa 1560

Seated Princess

Rustem meeting Kay Qubad Shiraz, 1560-70

1566 Sulaiman The Magnificent dies and Selim II succeeds him. In 1567 Shah Tahmasp sent a delegation with treasure including the Welch/Dickson Shahnameh. Soudavar, APC. Page 164.

Portrait of a Seated Flautist.

The Prophet Elias Rescuing Nur ad-Dahr from the Sea, From the Hamza-nama ascribed to Mir Sayyid Ali, circa 1570

The Crimean Tatars conducted the last raid on Moscow in 1571. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars

1574 Murad III succeds Selim II

Elephants, Rhinoceroses, and Camels

Isfandiyar Hunting Lions" By Miskin, From The Shahnama of Firdausi. Northern India, 1580 - 1585

Fighting Elephants Fatehpur Sikri

The Widener Mughal Animal Carpet Lahore circa 1590, National Gallery of Art.

"Buffaloes In Combat" by Miskin. Circa 1590 - 1595, Metropolitan Museum Of Art.

"The Raven Addresses the Assembled Animals" by Miskin. Circa 1590. British Museum, London.

"Painters And Calligraphers Working" an illustration from Ahklaq-i-Nasiri, Lahore Circa 1590

In the late 16th century Ottoman Sultans began to unseat and replace Crimean Tatar khans who were a problem and the name of the Ottoman sultan was read at the Friday prayer. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars

Plate 72 Animals in Combat (Khorasan c1595)

Akbar moves his capitol south to Agra. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 103

Abbas Safavi defeats Abdullah Khan II near Herat and fees Khorasan from the Uzbeks. Grousset, Empire. Page 485..

The Berlin Spiral Tendril Carpet, Mughal India Circa 1600

Armenians of New Julfa had the silk monopoly under Shah Abbas I. Blair and Bloom Pp. 176.

Farruhk Beg spent 1585 to 1600 at the atelier of Akbar. Farruhk Beg was downsized in 1600 in the same design shift in which Miskin fell out of favor. He was in the Deccan until 1608

In 1600 Europe still received 60 percent of it's pepper and 50 percent of it's other spices and medicine through the Levant. Wagstaff Landscapes Page 198.

Abbas Safavi creates a slave army of Caucasians and Armenians This allows him to offset the power of the Kizilbash tribes. Wagstaff Landscapes, Page 205.

Mid 17th century desiccated pastures and Kalmuk incursions push the Ersari and Salor out of the Mangyshlak peninsula. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The Encyclopaedia of Islam. ( this is substantially later than 1530 that Krader, Central Asia. Page 84 reports.)